Renal Calculi (Renal Calculus)

Definition

Definition of Renal Calculi
Renal Calculi, more commonly known as kidney stones, refer to crystal aggregations or solid secretions of dissolved minerals in urine. Stones or calculi often form inside the kidneys or bladder. The presence of calculi in kidneys is known as nephrolithiasis; whereas the presence of calculi in the urinary tract is known as urolithiasis.

Symptoms

Symptoms of Renal Calculi
Renal calculi or kidney stones present with excruciating pain from the loins to the groins. Hematuria, or blood in the urine, may also occur due to minor damage to the inside wall of the kidney, ureter, or urethra. Rarely, patients may suffer from dysuria, or a burning sensation during urination. A reduced volume of urine (oliguria) may also occur as a consequence of the obstruction of the bladder or urethra by the stones. Also, patients may experience nausea and vomiting because the embryological link with intestine stimulates the vomiting center.

Causes

Causes of Renal Calculi
Kidney stones or renal calculi can be attributed to underlying metabolic disorders, including renal tubular acidosis, medullary sponge kidney, or Dent's disease. A common form of renal calculi consists of calcium oxalate crystals; and factors that stimulate the production of crystals are closely correlated with the formation of kidney stones or renal calculi.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Renal Calculi
Since kidney stones or renal calculi are associated with underlying metabolic conditions, a common diagnostic step includes screening for such conditions as Dent's disease, tubular acidosis, or medullary sponge kidney. In addition, a chemical analysis is done to test for deficiencies and/or metabolic excesses that precipitate the development of renal calculi.

Treatment

Treatment of Renal Calculi
In most cases, small calculi will pass spontaneously. Typically, asymptomatic small calculi are expected to pass or move within 30 days. However, calculi that are greater than 6mm in size will need some form of intervention, usually surgical, to avoid further infections and complications. In some situations, immediate surgery may be necessary.

Prognosis

Prognosis of Renal Calculi
Consult with your doctor.

Prevention

Prevention of Renal Calculi
Consult with your doctor.